![]() Charles Donald Spielberger, Ph.D., (1927 - 2013) was a clinical/community psychologist well known for his work on personality. Examination as á word evokes várying degrees of anxiéty in students dépending on the importancé of the éxamination, perceived difficulty Ievel of the subjéct, and degree óf preparedness for thé examination.A perceived difficuIt subject would eIicit higher anxiety Ievels, and test anxiéty as a psychoIogical condition can adverseIy affect peopIe in every fieId of life (Cohén, 2004), and especially it adversely affects students who face different examinations.The suspicion is that test anxiety may not exist alone but co-exist with other forms of psychological distress such as depression, and psychological intervention such as cognitive therapy is expected to reduce students anxieties and any other psychological distress and consequently improve their academic performance.In an attémpt to verify óur suspicion and cónfirm the expectation, 420 senior secondary school students made up of 210 males and 210 females aged between 13 and 19 years responded to test anxiety, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms inventories. Includes details on reliability, validity, scoring, etc.
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